Visa vs. Status of Residence: What’s the Difference?
If you’re planning to work in Japan, it’s important to understand two key terms: visa and status of residence. Many people assume they mean the same thing, but in Japan’s immigration system, they are different.
- Visa: This is what you apply for at a Japanese embassy or consulate in your home country. A visa allows you to travel to Japan and request entry at the airport. However, a visa does not guarantee entry.
- Status of Residence (SOR): This is what you actually receive when you arrive in Japan and pass immigration inspection. Your SOR defines what kind of activities you are allowed to do in Japan—such as studying, working, or joining family.
In short: visa = permission to enter, status of residence = permission to stay and work.
The Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) is a newly established status of residence designed to let foreign workers contribute directly to industries facing labor shortages in Japan.
What Is the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) Program?
Japan introduced the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) system in April 2019 to attract foreign talent into industries struggling to find enough workers. Unlike traditional “Technical Intern Training,” which focuses on skill transfer to developing countries, the SSW is designed to bring in ready-to-work employees who can contribute immediately.
There are two types of SSW:
- SSW (i) – For workers with basic skills who can start contributing with minimal training.
- SSW (ii) – For highly skilled professionals with advanced expertise.
Eligibility Requirements for SSW
To qualify for SSW, applicants must generally meet the following criteria:
- Age: Must be at least 18 years old.
- Health: Must be in good physical and mental health.
- Skills: Must pass occupational skill tests (or have completed Japan’s Technical Intern Training program).
- Japanese Language: Must demonstrate Japanese language ability sufficient for daily life and workplace communication (for SSW i).
- Employer Sponsorship: Must be employed by a Japanese company or organization approved under the SSW system.
The Role of Technical Intern Training in SSW
Many foreign workers in Japan begin with the Technical Intern Training (TIT) program. This system allows foreigners to gain skills and knowledge through on-the-job training in Japan and then return home to share their expertise.
Workers who successfully complete TIT (ii) can transition into the SSW (i) program without needing to retake skills or Japanese exams. This pathway makes it easier for experienced trainees to continue working in Japan long-term.
SSW (i) vs. SSW (ii): Key Differences
Here’s a clear comparison of the two categories:
| Category | SSW (i) | SSW (ii) |
|---|---|---|
| Period of Stay | Up to 5 years total (not renewable beyond limit) | No stay limit; renewable indefinitely |
| Skill Level | Basic skills confirmed by exams (or exemption for TIT graduates) | Advanced, proficient skills confirmed by exams |
| Japanese Language Requirement | Must pass language tests proving workplace & daily communication ability | No language test required |
| Family Accompaniment | Not permitted (workers must come alone) | Allowed (spouse and children can accompany) |
| Employer Support | Eligible for support from registered organizations | Not required to receive structured support |
In short: SSW (i) is for entry-level skilled workers, while SSW (ii) is for experts who can settle long-term with their families.
Industries Covered Under the SSW Program
The SSW program covers 16 key industries in Japan. These fields were chosen because of serious labor shortages.
- Industries available under SSW (i) and SSW (ii):
- Construction
- Shipbuilding and ship machinery
- Agriculture
- Fishery
- Food and beverage manufacturing
- Industrial machinery manufacturing
- Electrical and electronics information industries
- Industries only available under SSW (i):
- Nursing care
- Automobile maintenance and transportation
- Aviation
- Accommodation (hospitality)
- Building cleaning
- Material processing (e.g., casting, forging)
- Forestry
- Wood industry
- Railway transportation
For example, nursing care is only open under SSW (i), meaning workers cannot yet obtain permanent settlement pathways through SSW (ii) in this sector.
Benefits of the SSW Program
For foreign workers, the SSW system offers several advantages compared to the older technical training model:
- Direct Employment: Workers are employed directly by Japanese companies, not just training organizations.
- Fair Wages: Workers must receive the same level of pay as Japanese employees in similar roles.
- Skill Development: Workers gain valuable experience in industries where Japan is a global leader.
- Career Pathways: Transition from SSW (i) to SSW (ii) can open long-term residency opportunities.
- Possibility of Family Migration (under SSW ii).
Challenges and Considerations
While the SSW program is an exciting opportunity, applicants should also be aware of certain challenges:
- Language Barrier: Passing the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT N4 or higher) can be tough for first-time applicants.
- Limited Family Options: Most workers under SSW (i) cannot bring spouses or children.
- Exams and Certification: Each industry has specific technical exams, which may require preparation.
- Employer Dependence: Your residence status is tied to your employer. If you lose your job, you may lose your status unless you quickly find a new sponsor.
Application Process for SSW
- Find a Japanese employer willing to hire under SSW.
- Pass the required exams – both skills and Japanese language (unless exempt).
- Apply for a Certificate of Eligibility (CoE) through the employer in Japan.
- Receive your visa from a Japanese embassy or consulate abroad.
- Enter Japan and obtain your official Status of Residence as a Specified Skilled Worker.
Future of the SSW Program
Japan faces a rapidly aging population and declining workforce. By 2040, one in three people will be over 65 years old. To sustain its economy, Japan must rely on foreign workers.
The SSW program is seen as a bridge between short-term foreign labor and long-term immigration reform. While Japan is still cautious about large-scale immigration, programs like SSW (ii) suggest a slow but steady shift toward accepting foreign workers as permanent contributors to Japanese society.
Final Thoughts
The Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) system represents one of the most significant changes in Japan’s immigration and labor policies. For foreign nationals, it provides a clear pathway to work in Japan, with opportunities ranging from nursing care to high-tech industries.
- SSW (i) is ideal for young, motivated workers seeking short-term experience and skill development.
- SSW (ii) opens doors to long-term residence, higher responsibilities, and even family settlement.
For job seekers worldwide, the SSW visa is more than just a work opportunity—it’s a chance to build a career, support Japan’s industries, and become part of one of the world’s most advanced economies.
